Public And Private Goods, Natural Resources and Monopolies

	Rival multiple consumers cannot consume the same good	Non-Rival multiple consumers can consume the same good
Excludable consumption can be detected and prevented by producer	Private Goods Efficiently produced and allocated by markets agriculture, minerals, artifacts labor, services land parcels rain and sunlight incident on land parcels	Club Goods ("Natural Monopoly") High fixed costs, low marginal costs => inefficient competition (uncongested) highways and bridges water and sewage lines wired telecom networks (not content) power distribution (not generation) aggression deterrence (police/courts); fire protection service
Non-Excludable consumption cannot be detected or prevented	Common Goods ("Natural Resources") Tragedy of the commons, negative externalities => overconsumption atmosphere, bodies and streams of water, pollution sinks sunlight, wind, fish, game, genomes unowned land and space; orbits electromagnetic spectrum; some namespaces	Public Goods Free riders, positive externalities => underproduction national defense (uncongested) local streets language, scientific knowledge, open source software, jokes prevention of contagion, conflagration, flood anti-poverty safety net (assuming most people favor charity)

Libertarian Majority